May III

The Invention or Discovery of the Holy Cross

From St. Cyril of Jerusalem, cat. 10; St. Paulinus, ep. 31, p. 193; St. Sulpicius Severus, St. Ambrose, St. Chrysostom, Rufinus, Theodoret, Socrates, and Sozomen. See Tillemont. t. 7, p. 6, on St. Helena.

A. D. 326.

God having restored peace to his church, by exalting Constantine the Great to the imperial throne, that pious prince, who had triumphed over his enemies by the miraculous power of the cross, was very desirous of expressing his veneration for the holy places which had been honored and sanctified by the presence and sufferings of our blessed Redeemer on earth. He accordingly came to a resolution to build a magnificent church in the city of Jerusalem, as the place which had been most honored by the presence, the instructions and miracles, of the Son of God. St. Helena, the emperor’s mother, out of a desire of visiting the holy places there, undertook a journey into Palestine in 326, though at that time near eighty years of age: and on her arrival at Jerusalem, was inspired with a great desire to find the identical cross on which Christ had suffered for our sins. But there was no mark or tradition, even among the Christians, where it lay. The heathens, out of an aversion to Christianity, had done what they could to conceal the place where our Saviour was buried. They had heaped upon it a great quantity of stones and rubbish, besides building a temple to Venus; that those who came thither to adore him, might seem to pay their worship to a marble idol representing this false deity. They had moreover erected a statue of Jupiter in the place where our Saviour rose from the dead, as we are informed by St. Jerom; which figure continued there from the emperor Adrian’s time to Constantine’s: which precautions of the persecutors show the veneration which Christians paid from the beginning to the instruments of our Redemption. Helena, being willing to spare no pains to compass her pious design, consulted all people at Jerusalem and near it, whom she thought likely to assist her in finding out the cross; and was credibly informed, that if she could find out the sepulchre, she would likewise find the instruments of the punishment; it being always the custom among the Jews to make a great hole near the place where the body of the criminal was buried, and to throw into it whatever belonged to his execution; looking upon all these things as detestable objects, and which for that reason ought to be removed out of sight. The pious empress therefore ordered the profane buildings to be pulled down, the statues to be broken in pieces, and the rubbish to be removed; and upon digging to a great depth, they discovered the holy sepulchre, and near it three crosses, also the nails which had pierced our Saviour’s body, and the title which had been fixed to his cross. By this discovery, they understood that one of the three crosses was that which they were in quest of, and that the other two belonged to the two malefactors between whom our Saviour had been crucified. But, whereas the title was found separate from the cross, a difficulty remained to distinguish which of the three was that on which our Divine Redeemer consummated his sacrifice for the salvation of the world. In this perplexity the holy bishop Macarius, knowing that one of the principal ladies of the city lay extremely ill, suggested to the empress to cause the three crosses to be carried to the sick person, not doubting but God would discover which was the cross they sought for. This being done, St. Macarius prayed that God would have regard to their faith, and after his prayer, applied the crosses singly to the patient, who was immediately and perfectly recovered by the touch of one of the three crosses, the other two having been tried without effect.¹ St. Helena, full of joy for having found the treasure which she had so earnestly sought and so highly esteemed, built a church on the spot, and lodged it there with great veneration, having provided an extraordinary rich case for it. She afterwards carried part of it to the emperor Constantine, then at Constantinople, who received it with great veneration;* another part she sent or rather carried to Rome, to be placed in the church which she built there, called Of the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, where it remains to this day. The discovery of the cross must have happened about the month of May, or early in the spring. For St. Helena went the same year to Constantinople, and from thence to Rome, where she died in the arms of her son, on the 18th of August, 326, as Pagi demonstrates, from Eusebius and Gothefridus. The title was sent by St. Helena, to the same church in Rome, and reposited on the top of an arch, where it was found in a case of lead, in 1492, as may be read at length in Bozius.² The inscription in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, is in red letters, and the wood was whitened. Thus it was in 1492; but these colors are since faded. Also the words Jesus and Judæorum are eaten away. The board is nine, but must have been twelve inches long.³*

The main part of the cross St. Helena enclosed in a silver shrine and committed it to the care of St. Macarius, that it might be delivered down to posterity as an object of veneration. It was accordingly kept with singular care and respect in the magnificent church which she and her son built in Jerusalem. See the lives of St. Cyril of Jerusalem, St. Porphyrius of Gaza, &c. St. Paulinus, in his epistle to Severus,⁴ relates that though chips were almost daily cut off from it and given to devout persons, yet the sacred wood suffered thereby no diminution. It is affirmed by St. Cyril of Jerusalem,⁵ twenty-five years after the discovery, that pieces of the cross were spread all over the earth: he compares this wonder to the miraculous feeding of five thousand men, as recorded in the gospel. Read Gretzer On the Cross. The stately church which Constantine the Great built at Jerusalem, the rich ornaments of which are mentioned by Eusebius,⁶ was called The Basilic of the Holy Cross, because it possessed this precious treasure; the keeper of which was always a venerable priest. It was shown publicly to the people at Easter. The same was also called the church of the sepulchre, or of the resurrection: though this was properly only the title of the holy chapel in it, which stood over the sepulchre or cavern in which our Saviour was buried, which was in the garden adjoining to Mount Calvary: so that this great church covered the sepulchre, and was extended so far on Mount Calvary as also to include the rock Golgotha, and the very place where the cross of Christ stood at his crucifixion.* This extensive building was enclosed within the walls of Jerusalem, when that city was rebuilt. Constantine also built a church upon Mount Olivet, over the spot from which our Saviour ascended into heaven. This place was venerated by Christians from the very time of his death, as much as the fear of their enemies would permit. And this may account for the industry of the pagans in filling up the sepulchre or cavern with stones, heaping rubbish over it to a considerable height, and setting up the most infamous of their idols over it, that the Christians might seem to worship a Venus, when they came hither to pay their homage to Jesus Christ. We find the Festival of the Invention, or the discovery of the Cross, solemnized in the Latin church ever since the fifth or sixth century.^† The finding of the cross by St. Helena happened in the year of our Lord 326, in the twenty-first year of Constantine’s reign, the thirteenth of the pontificate of Sylvester, and the first after the council of Nice.* The feast of the Exaltation of the Cross was kept in May, from the time that it was triumphantly placed by St. Helena in the church at Jerusalem, upon its discovery in 326, which continued to the year 335, when the great church of the Resurrection was built at Jerusalem by the orders of Constantine the Great, and dedicated on the 13th of September that year, as St. Sophronius, (Or. de Exalt. S. Crucis in Bibl. Patr. Colon. t. 7,) Nicephorus, and the Typic of St. Sabas mention. The cross was exalted or set up in that church the day following, which was Sunday. Hence both the Greeks and Latins kept this feast on the 14th of September; and St. Chrysostom’s death is related to have happened on this festival. After the recovery of the cross by Heraclius, this festival began to be kept in the Eastern church with greater solemnity and a fast. At Jerusalem the cross was shown to the people to be adored on Easter Monday, and also in the middle of Lent, as we learn from St. Sophronius, St. Paulinus, &c. In the Latin church, this was celebrated on the 3d of May; whether this was the day of the Discovery of the Cross by St. Helena, or of Constantine’s vision or victory, or of the dedication of the church of the Holy Cross at Rome, is uncertain.

The cross was chosen by our dear Redeemer to be the glorious instrument of his victory and triumph over the devil and sin; and by his death thereon he has purchased for us redemption, grace, and glory. The cross is his holy standard, under which all his followers fight his battles; and, according to the holy fathers, will be borne before him in a triumphant manner, when he shall come in glory to judge the world. The church professes a very high regard and veneration for this mysterious and salutary sign, giving it an honorable place in her churches, making frequent use of it in her holy offices, in the administration of the sacraments, and on many other occasions: in which particulars she imitates the earliest and purest ages of Christianity.⁷ It is the remark of St. Jerom, “that if the ark was held in such high veneration among the Jews, how much more ought the Christians to respect the wood of the cross, whereon our Saviour offered himself a bleeding victim for our sins?” By devoutly respecting the sign of the cross, we profess our faith in Christ, who was crucified for us; we excite our hope in his merits, kindle his love in our breasts, renew the remembrance of his sacred death, and inflame our meditations on his adorable passion, in which we learn all virtue and all spiritual knowledge. What obedience are we here taught! seeing Christ himself learned obedience from these things which he suffered.⁸ What love of God and our neighbor! seeing Jesus has sprinkled his cross with his blood to seal his new alliance of charity, and to inculcate his own law and a new commandment. What patience do we here learn! What meekness and humility! the two things which Jesus commands us particularly to learn of him. And it is on the cross and in his sacred passion that he has principally set us the most moving example, and pressed upon us the most endearing precepts of these virtues. Whence, assiduous meditation on the sufferings of Christ, is the great school of Christian perfection. All the saints found in it their comfort and their joy; in it they continually feasted their souls with the most sweet fruits of love and devotion; in it they learned to die perfectly to themselves and entered into the sentiments of Christ crucified:⁹ here they stirred up their souls to perfect compunction; and placing themselves in spirit under the cross of their divine Redeemer, they offered their tears and earnest supplications to the Father, through the Son, who made himself our sacrifice on this tree: I have seated myself under the shade of him whom I desired, and his fruit was sweet to my palate.¹⁰ Where did St. Bernard learn his eminent spirit of devotion but in the meditation on Christ’s sufferings? Where did the glorious St. Austin glean his spiritual science but, as he himself tells us, in the wounds of his Redeemer? It was in them that the admirable St. Francis conceived his seraphic ardors. St. Thomas Aquinas studied his sacred science and virtue in the book of the cross, and always had recourse to God at the foot of the crucifix. “St. Bonaventure seems,” says St. Francis of Sales, “when he writes the spiritual breathings of his heart, all inflamed with love; to have no other paper than the cross, no other pen than the lance, no other ink than what is dipped in the precious blood of Christ. With what feeling sentiments did he cry out: It is good always to abide in spirit before the cross! Let us make to ourselves three tabernacles in the wounds of our crucified Redeemer, one in his feet, another in his hands, a third in his sacred side. Here will I rest; here will I watch; here will I read; here will I converse.”¹¹ St. Paul, who was very learned, esteemed all his other science as nothing, and looked on the knowledge of Jesus Christ crucified as his only learning. I judged not myself to know any thing among you but Jesus Christ, and him crucified.¹² By being instructed in this mystery, and having the sentiments of Christ crucified deeply impressed upon his heart, he knew all that he wished to know: it was his only solicitude and desire daily to improve himself in this one science.* The same apostle, in the transport of his ardent love of the cross, cried out: God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ.¹³ To glory in a thing is to love it, to esteem it, to place in it our greatness and happiness. “Every one glories in those things in which he places his greatness,” as St. Thomas says.—The sacred passion of Christ is the source of all our happiness and good, and the perfect model and school of all virtue. If it be the tender object of our devotion, if we love, and desire always to meditate on our Redeemer crucified for us, the sacred instrument of his triumph, the ensign and trophy of his precious victory, and the principal emblem of his sufferings which it represents to us, and strongly paints before our eyes, must be always dear and most amiable to us.

St. Alexander, Pope, M.

He succeeded St. Evaristus in 109, and held the holy see ten years, but not complete. He died in 119, and is ranked among the martyrs in the canon of the mass. Notwithstanding the silence of St. Irenæus, we also find him styled a martyr in the Sacramentary of St. Gregory the Great, in the ancient Calendar of Fronto, and unanimously in other martyrologies which join with him two companions, Eventius and Theodulus, who suffered with him, or at least about the same time of his happy death. The bodies of SS Alexander, Eventius, and Theodulus, were interred on the Nomentan road, but were translated into the church of St. Sabina, which now belongs to a great, convent of Dominican friars. St. Juvenal, the first bishop of Narni, in Umbria, who died in peace about the year 367, is commemorated in the Roman Breviary on the same day. He is styled a martyr by St Gregory the Great. (Hom. 57, in Evang. and Dial. l. 4, c. 12.)

M

¹ Sozomen, Theodoret, Rufinus.

* It was out of a religious respect to the sacred instrument of the death of Christ, that Constantine, in the twentieth year of his reign, forbade the cross to be used in the punishment of malefactors in any part of his dominions; which has been observed ever since throughout all Christendom.

² Tr. de Cruce, l. 1, c. 2.

³ See Lipsius de Cruce, 1. 3, c. 14.

* The title kept at our Lady’s in Toulouse, is an imitation of this; but the inscription is in five, whereas in this it is in three lines. It was the custom of the Romans to cause the crime for which any one was condemned, to be written and carried before the criminal to the place of his punishment. Thus Suetonius, speaking of a criminal, says, (in Caligula, c. 38:) “The title which declared the cause of the punishment being carried before him.” Dio, speaking of another, says, (b. 54:) “With the title in writing, which declared the cause of his death.” And St. Attalus, the martyr at Lyons, “was led about the amphitheatre with a tablet borne before him, on which it was written, This is Attalus the Christian;” as is related by Eusebius. (Hist. b. 5, c. 1.) Pursuant to this Roman custom, Pilate ordered the title, expressive of the cause of our Saviour’s crucifixion, to be carried before him to the place of execution, as well as to be affixed to the cross. But though he meant it to signify his having brought this punishment upon himself, for having aspired to the sovereign power; yet, by a particular direction of divine providence, (as is described by Prudentius, in elegant verse, Apoth. adv. gentles, v. 381,) it in fact proclaimed him to Jews, Greeks, and Romans, what he really was, their true King,—that they might read, and reverence him as such. While the malefactor hung bleeding on the cross, it was usual, by means of a sponge, to apply vinegar to his wounds, that, by its astringent quality, it might serve to stanch the blood in some degree, and prevent the criminal being put out of his pain by death sooner than was intended. The holy sponge, which served for this purpose at our Lord’s crucifixion, is shown at Rome in the church of St. John Lateran, tinged with blood, and held in great veneration. The holy lance which opened his sacred side, is kept at Rome, but wants the point. Andrew of Crete says, (de Exalt. Crucis,) that it was buried together with the cross. At least St. Gregory of Tours (1. de Gl. Mart. c. 17) and venerable Bede (de Loc. Sanct c. 2) testify, that in their time it was kept at Jerusalem. For fear of the Saracens, it was buried privately at Antioch, in which city it was found, in 1098, under ground, and wrought many miracles, as Robert the monk (Hist. Hieros. 1. 7) and many eye-witnesses testify. It was carried first to Jerusalem, and soon after to Constantinople. The emperor Baldwin II. sent the point of it to Venice, by way of pledge for a loan of money. St. Lewis, king of France, redeemed this relic, by paying off the sum it lay in pledge for, and caused it to be conveyed to Paris, where it is still kept in the Holy Chapel. The rest of the lance remained at Constantinople, after the Turks had taken that city, till, in 1492, the sultan Bajazet sent it by an ambassador, in a rich beautiful case, to pope Innocent VIII., adding, that the point was in the possession of the king of France.

The crown of thorns was given by the emperor Baldwin II. to St. Lewis, as to his cousin and great benefactor, because the city of Constantinople was no longer a place of security, being sorely pressed by the Saracens and Greeks: also in gratitude for his extraordinary contributions to the defence of the eastern empire and the holy places. St. Lewis, afterwards, in requital, voluntarily paid off a loan which that emperor had borrowed from the Venetians. William of Nangis, Vincent of Beauvais, and other French historians of that time relate how this sacred treasure was, with great devotion, carried in a sealed case by holy religious men, by the way of Venice, into France. St. Lewis, with the queen’s mother, his brother, and many prelates and princes, met it five leagues beyond Sens. The pious king, and Robert of Artois, his second brother, being barefoot and in their shirts, carried it into that city to the cathedral of St. Stephen, accompanied by a numerous procession, bathed in tears, which the sentiments of gratitude and religion drew from their eyes. It was thence conveyed to Paris, where it was received with extraordinary solemnity. St. Lewis built the Holy Chapel, as it is called, for its reception, and annexed thereto a rich foundation of a chapter of canons. He afterwards received from Constantinople the large portion of the cross which St. Helena had sent thither to her son, and other precious relics, with which she enriched the same place. Some thorns have been distributed from this treasure to other churches; and some have been made in imitation of them. They are usually very long.

The nails with which Christ was fastened on the cross, have been imitated by a like devotion. Calvin pretends to reckon fourteen or fifteen held for genuine, but names several never heard of but by himself, as that of St. Helena in Rome; for this is the same church with that of the Holy Cross; one at Sienna; one at Venice; one in the church of the Carmelites in Paris; one in the Holy Chapel; one at Draguignan: and nobody knows where the village of Tenaille is, where he places another. Some multiplication of these nails has sprung from the filings of that precious relic put into another nail made like it, or at least from like nails which have touched it. The true nail kept at Rome, in the church of the Holy Cross, has been manifestly filed, and is now without a point, as may be seen in all pictures of it. St. Charles of Borromæo, a prelate most rigorous in the appropriation of relies, had many nails made like another which is kept at Milan, and distributed them after they had touched the holy nail. He gave one as a relic to king Philip II. These are all like that of Rome. St. Gregory the Great, and other ancient popes, sent raspings of the chains of St. Peter as relics, and sometimes put something of them into other chains made like them. F. Honore de St. Marie, in judicious critic, relates a late authentic miracle performed by a heart made of taffety, in resemblance of the heart of St. Theresa. As to the true nails, St. Helena threw one into the Adriatic sea, to lay a violent storm in which she was in danger of perishing, and, according to St. Gregory of Tours, it immediately ceased. St. Ambrose (de ob. Theod. n. 47) and others testify, that her son, Constantine the Great, fixed one in a rich diadem of pearls, which he wore on the most solemn occasions; and that, for a protection in his wars and dangers, he set another in a costly bridle which he used St. Gregory of Tours says that two were employed in it. It seems most probable that there were four nails, and that the feet were fastened with two nails apart, and not across with one. The Romans fixed little broad pieces of wood on the crosses of malefactors for the feet to rest upon, as Pliny mentions. See Lipsins, On the Cross.

The pillar at which our Lord was scourged, was anciently kept at Jerusalem, with other holy relics, on Mount Sion, as is mentioned by St. Gregory Nazianzen, (Or. 1, in Julian,) St. Paulinus, (ep. 34,) St. Gregory of Tours, (l. 1, de Glor. Mart. c. 7.) Ven. Bede, (de Locis Sanctis, c. 3,) St. Prudentius, and St. Jerom It is shown at Rome through iron-rails, in a little chapel in the church of St. Praxedes. Over the chapel it is written that cardinal John Columna, apostolic legate in the East, under pope Honorius III., brought it thither in the year 1223. The pillar is of gray, or black and white marble, one foot and a half long, and one foot diameter at the bottom, and eight inches at the top, where is an iron ring to which criminals were tied. Some think it is only the upper part of that which St. Jerom mentions: but there appear no marks of a fracture. The Jews scourged criminals, first on the back; then often on the belly, and also on both sides: which seems to have likewise been the Roman custom.

The blood of Christ which is kept in some places, of which the most famous is that at Mantua, seems to be what has sometimes issued from the miraculous bleeding of some crucifix, when pierced in derision by Jews or pagans, instances of which are recorded in authentic histories. See St. Thomas, 3, p. 54, a. 2, ad 1, et quodl. 5, a. 5.

⁴ Ep. 12.

⁵ Cat. 4, 10, 13.

⁶ Vit. Constant. 1, 3.

* This sacred building, raised by Constantine, consisted properly of two churches, the one called Anastasis, or of the Resurrection or Sepulchre, the other Martyrium, or of the Cross, which covered the spot where Christ was crucified. For Adamnan (I. 1, de Locis Sanctis, c. 4, apud Mabill Act. Bened. Sæc. 3, part 2, p. 506) testifies, that they were separated by a little court or passage, Plateotam. And St. Jerom (Ep. 38, alias 61, ad Pammachium adv. Joan. Hieros. p. 312) says, that as St. Epiphanius walked from the Anastasis to the Cross, the crowd flocked about him, every one striving to kiss his feet, or touch the hem of his garment, and presenting to him their little children to bless. See Sirmondus, in an admirable exposition which he gives of an old medal with the Greek inscription Anastasis, (Op. t. 4, pp. 436 and 704,) and Du Cange. (Diss. de Nummis infer, ævi. § 66.) Those who, with Henry Valesius, (ep. de Anastasl el Martyrio, ad calcem Eusebii, p. 304, ed. 1,) will have these two churches to have been but one and the same, must allow that they were only joined by a gallery or court.

^† See the Bollandists, May 3.

* This history of the discovery of the cross, is related by St. Cyril of Jerusalem, and several other authors above mentioned, who lived in the same age. It is therefore matter of surprise how James Basnage could so far forget them as to say, that Gregory of Tours is the first of those who have spoken of it, (Hist. de Juifs, 1.6, c. 14, sect. 10, p. 1244.) It is objected by some, that Eusebius makes no mention of it in his history or life of Constantine, though he describes at large the building of the church of the sepulchre. But he is often guilty, like Joseph us, of capital omissions in his history, to the great disappointment of his readers. But whether this omission in that place proceeded from carelessness or design, as from jealousy or any other motive, his silence ought not to be of any weight against the positive testimonies of so many unexceptionable witnesses. Montfaucon also takes notice, that Eusebius himself has clearly mentioned this miraculous event, in his comments on Psalm 87 p. 549, where he speaks of miracles wrought in his time near the sepulchre of Christ, and of the church that was built there by St. Helena. Nor can this passage be any more suspected of having been foisted in by interpolation, than that an omission of this fact happened in his historical works by the fault of transcribers. Nay, a paragraph might be more easily passed over by the fault of copiers.

⁷ See Tert. de Coron. Militis.

⁸ Hebr. 5:8.

⁹ Phil. 2:5.

¹⁰ Cant. 2:3.

¹¹ 1 St. Bonav. l de Vita Christi.

¹² 1 Cor. 2:2.

* Etsi hoc solum sciebat, nihii est quod nesciebat. Magnum est scire Jesum crucifixum. S. Aug. serm. 161. n. 3

¹³ Gal. 4:14

 Butler, A. (1903). The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints (Vol. 2, pp. 226–232). New York: P. J. Kenedy.