OCTOBER XVI
SAINT GALL, ABBOT
From his life compiled by Walfridus Strabo, a monk, first of Fulde afterwards of St. Gall’s, who died abbot of the neighboring monastery of Richenow, in the diocese of Constance, founded by Charles Martel in 724. His name is famous for his books on the divine offices; he died about the year 849 Notker, monk of St. Gall’s, about the year 900,* compiled the life of St. Gall in verse. See on this saint Mabillon Acta Bened. t. 2, p. 230, and Annal. i. 11 and 13.
A. D. 646.
AMONG the great number of eminent disciples which St. Columban left imitators of his heroic virtues, none seems to have been more famous than St. Gall. He was born in Ireland soon after the middle of the sixth century, of parents who were conspicuous both for their piety and for their riches, and the rank which they held among the nobility. By them he was offered to God from his birth, and by their care was educated in the great monastery of Benchor, under the direction of the holy abbots St. Comgal and St. Columban. Studies, especially of sacred learning, flourished in this house, and St. Gall was well versed in grammar, poetry, and the holy scriptures. When St. Columban left Ireland. St. Gall was one of those twelve who accompanied him into England, and afterwards into France, where they arrived in 585. They were courteously received by Sigebert, the pious king of Austrasia and Burgundy, and St. Columban, assisted by the liberality of that prince, founded the monastery of Anegray, in a wild forest, in the diocese of Besanon, and two years afterwards that of Luxeu. St. Columban being driven thence by king Theodoric, whom he had reproved for his lust, St. Gall shared in his persecution, and both withdrew into the territories of Theodebert, who was then king of Austrasia, and reigned at Metz. Villemar, the holy priest of Arben, near the lake of Constance, afforded them a retreat. The servants of God built themselves cells in a desert near Bregentz, converted many idolaters who had a temple near that place, and, in the end of one of their sermons, broke their brazen statues and threw them into the lake. The pagans that remained obstinate, persecuted the monks, and slew two of them. Gunzo, governor of the country, also declared himself their enemy, and king Theodoric, by the death of Theodebert, whom he killed in battle, becoming master of Austrasia, St. Columban retired into Italy. St. Gall was unwilling to be separated from him, but was prevented from bearing him company by a grievous fit of illness. The cells which this saint built there for those who desired to serve God with him, he gave to the monastery called of St. Gall, the abbot of which is prince of the empire, and an ally of the Switzers. St. Gall was a priest before he left Ireland, and having learned the language of the country where he settled, near the lake of Constance, by his preaching, example, and miracles, he converted to the faith a great number of idolaters, so as to be justly regarded as the apostle of that territory.
A beautiful daughter of Gunzo, duke or governor of the country, being possessed by the devil, was delivered by the saint, and by his advice chose rather to consecrate her virginity to God in the monastery of St. Peter at Metz, than to marry a son of the king of Austrasia. The duke Gunzo, and a synod of bishops, with the clergy and people, earnestly desired to place the saint in the episcopal see of Constance; but his modesty and fears were not to be overcome. To avert this danger from himself, and satisfy the importunity of the people, he proposed to them his deacon and disciple John; who was accordingly elected. On the solemnity of his consecration St. Gall preached a sermon, which is published by Canisius,1 and in the Library of the Fathers.* In it a natural simplicity of style is set off by great penetration, strength, piety, and solid erudition. The author speaks of himself as one taken up in the apostolic labors of the ministry. He only left his cell to preach, and instruct chiefly the wildest and most abandoned among the inhabitants in the mountainous parts of the country: and returning continually to his hermitage, he there often spent whole nights and days in holy prayer and contemplation, in which he usually poured forth his soul before God with floods of tears. Upon the death of St. Eustasius, whom St. Columban had left abbot of Luxeu, the monks chose St. Gall in 625; but that house was then grown rich in lands and possessions: and the humble servant of God understood too well the advantages of the inestimable treasure of holy poverty in a penitential life, to suffer himself to be robbed of it. The charge of a numerous community also alarmed him; for he was aware how difficult a matter it is to maintain a true spirit of perfection in multitudes; and the lukewarmness of one monk would have been to him a subject of perpetual trembling, not only for that soul, but also for his own, and for the whole community, from the contagion of such an example.
Walfridus Strabo places the death of our saint soon after that of St. Eustasius. But Mabillon shows clearly,2 that he lived many years longer, and only died about the year 646, on the 16th of October, the day on which the church honors his memory. This abbey changed the rule of St. Columban for that of St. Bennet, in the eighth century, and was much increased by the liberality of Charles Martel, Louis Dbonnaire, and Louis the Big. The estates and civil jurisdiction of which this abbey was possessed, became so considerable, that Henry I. erected it into a principality of the empire; but its dominions, though very extensive and powerful before they were curtailed by the civil wars raised by the Calvinists, never properly comprised the town of St. Gall, which, by embracing the Calvinistical religion, deprived the abbot of what rights he before enjoyed in it. This abbey is one of the most famous in the world for the great number of learned men it has formerly produced, and for its library, which abounded with a great number of excellent and curious MSS. and printed books, though a great part of these were plundered and lost in the civil wars. It still contains very valuable MSS.3
He who desires to preach to others with fruit, must first preach to himself, treasuring up lessons of true piety in his own mind, imprinting deeply in his heart the sentiments of all virtues, and learning to practise first what he would afterwards teach others. Empty science fills with presumption vain-glory, and pride, and neither reforms the heart, nor teaches that language which infuses true virtue into others, which can only proceed from experimental virtue. The gift of true spiritual knowledge cannot be obtained but by sincere humility, and purity of heart, which is freed from vices and earthly affections, and by holy meditation, which alone can give a heavenly tincture and frame to the mind, as Cassian says.4 As our food is assimilated to our flesh by digestion; so spiritual affections pass, as it were, into the very substance of our souls by pious meditation, and the exercises of holy compunction, divine love, and all other interior virtues; which he will be able to teach others who is possessed of them himself.
ST. LULLUS, OR LULLON, ARCHBISHOP OF MENTZ, C.
HE was an Englishman, probably a native of the kingdom of the West-Saxons. The foundation of his education was laid in the monastery of Maldubi, probably the same which was afterwards called Malmesbury, in Wiltshire, founded a little before that time, in 675. From thence he went to Jarrow, and there finished his studies under venerable Bede. In 732 he passed into Germany, and was received with great joy by his cousin St. Boniface, who gave him the monastic habit, and soon after ordained him deacon, and employed him in preaching the gospel to idolaters. From this time Lullus shared with that great saint the labors of his apostleship, and the persecutions which were raised against him by idolaters, heretics, and schismatics.1 St. Boniface promoted him to priest’s orders in 751, and sent him to Rome to consult pope Zachary on certain difficulties which he did not care to commit to writing. Upon his return St. Boniface pitched upon him for his successor, and wrote to Fulrade, abbot of St. Denys, entreating him to procure the consent of king Pepin. This being obtained, with the approbation of the bishops, abbots, clergy, and nobility of the country, Lullus was consecrated archbishop of Mentz.2 About two years after, St. Boniface having suffered martyrdom, Lullus took care to have his body conveyed to the abbey of Fulde, and there interred with honor. During the space of thirty-four years that he governed the diocese of Mentz, he assisted at divers councils in France and at Rome.3
It appears by the letters which were addressed to him from Rome, France and England, to consult him upon the most difficult points of doctrine and of discipline, that he was in the greatest reputation for learning. His answers to these are lost, and only nine of his letters are published among those of St. Boniface.4 The style shows that he neglected the ornaments of language, according to the custom of that age; but the matter is interesting. In the fourth, we admire his zeal to procure good books from foreign countries, by which means they were dispersed in all parts of Germany and France. In his other letters, we meet with great examples of his humility, his firm attachment to his friends, his pastoral vigilance, and his zeal for the observance of the canons. The sixty-second letter is an episcopal mandate to order prayers, fasts, and masses, “those which are prescribed (in the missal) to be said against tempests, to obtain of God that the rains might cease which prejudiced the fruits of the earth.” St. Lullus announces in the same the death of the pope. (Paul I. or Stephen III.,) for whom he orders the accustomed prayers to be said. Cuthbert, abbot of Wiremouth, in a letter to St. Lullus, mentions that he had ordered ninety masses to be said for their deceased brethren in Germany. For they sent to each other the names of those that died among them; which also appears from several letters of St. Boniface, as from one to the abbot of Mount Cassino,5 and several to his brethren in England. St. Lullus being imposed upon by false informations, took part against St. Sturmius, abbot of Fulde, when he was accused of treason against the king Pepin.* If holy and great men are sometimes surprised and betrayed into frailties, with what prudence and circumspection ought every one to proceed, lest he take some false step, and how ready ought he to be to confess his faults, and to efface them by salutary penance! St. Lullus made afterwards amends for his mistake, as appears by his charter of donation to the abbey of Fulde, which he signed in 785,6 in presence of the emperor Charlemagne.† St. Lullus resigned his dignity before his death, and shut himself up in the monastery of Harsfeld, which he had built. In that retreat he died happily on the 1st of November, not in 786, as some have pretended, but in 787. See Mabill. Act. Bened t. 4; Serarius, Rerum Mogunt. t. 1; Mirus, &c.
SAINT MUMMOLIN, OR MOMMOLIN, BISHOP OF NOYON, C.
HE was a native of the territory of Constance, and became a monk at Luxeu. He was sent with Ebertran and Bertin to St. Omer, and was appointed superior rather than abbot, while they lived about eight years in their first habitation called the Old Monastery, or St. Mummolin’s. He removed with them to the New Monastery of St. Peter’s, or Sithiu, now St. Bertin’s. Upon the death of St. Eligius, in 659, or 665, he was consecrated bishop of Noyon and Tournay, and constituted Ebertran abbot of the monastery of St. Quintin’s, which he erected in that town not far from the ruins of Vermandis. This abbey is long since secularized, and is a famous collegiate church. Folcard tells us in his life of St. Omer, that St. Mummolin governed that extensive see twenty-six years. His name occurs in the subscriptions to the Testament of St. Amand, and to several charters of that age. His body was interred in the church of the apostles, and is now richly enshrined in the cathedral of Noyon, but part of his skull at St. Bertin’s. He is honored in all these dioceses on the 16th of October. See Mabill. Ann. Ben. t. 1, p. 529; Gall. Chr. nov. t. 9, p. 984; Molanus ad 16 Octobris; his ancient MS. life in St. Bertin’s library, and De Witte, in Vit. Sanctor Sithiensium
BUTLER, A., The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints (New York 1903) IV, 219-223.
OCTOBER XVI SAINT GALL, ABBOT 
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